EFFICIENCY OF USE OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN, PHOSPHORE AND POTASSIUM IN CORN (Zea mays)

SUPER CORN PLANTS

Corn plants need nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in large quantities to grow and produce well.

 

However, the use of high fertilizers is not efficient if the application of fertilizers does not take into account the level of soil fertility and plant needs for nutrients. To determine the efficiency of the use of N, P and K fertilizers on maize, a study of omission plots during the rainy season (MH) was carried out for three years (2005-2007) in five maize centers, namely Sidowaras, Binjai Ngagung, Watu Agung and Balai Rejo villages. Central Lampung and Trimulyo Village, South Lampung Regency.

At each location an omission plot experiment was carried out with the following treatments: 

without N (only fertilized by P and K = PK), PK+lime,

 without P (only fertilized by N and K = NK), NK+lime,

 without K (only fertilized by N and P = NP), NP+lime, fully fertilized NPK and NPK + lime. 

The treatments were arranged according to a randomized block design in which five sites were assigned as replicates. Lime in the form of dolomite was given 1.1 t ha-1 per growing season. Observations of dry shelled yield were carried out in each treatment plot to calculate the efficiency of the use of each fertilizer nutrient.

The experimental results showed that the efficiency of the use of fertilizer was N = 18 ± 4, P = 43 ± 20 and K = 19 ± 4 kg dry shelled kg-1 fertilizer. The efficiency of fertilizer use was lower in the lime treatment, respectively, N+lime = 14 ± 4, P+lime = 28 ± 11, K+lime = 8 ± 4, indicating that liming must be followed by a decrease in the amount of fertilizer applied. 

Corn productivity in Lampung is currently still below the potential yield of maize varieties cultivated in Lampung, which ranges from 5.80 t ha-1 – 12.00 t ha-1 (Ardjasa et al., 2000). The low yields achieved were caused by various factors including the use of seeds that were not quality farmers, such as local varieties and hybrid derivatives with plant needs, small farming capital, limited location-specific technology, the effect of drought in certain seasons, low soil fertility, and pests and diseases.

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Data for the last five years shows a stagnation in Lampung's corn production, which is only in the range of 1.2 million tons (Lampung Dalam Angka, 2006). 

The use of fertilizers by corn farmers in Lampung varies from 250 - 600 kg ha-1 for urea, 0-200 kg ha-1 SP36 and 0-150 kg ha-1 KCl (Murni et al., 2007). Fertilization methods are still more widely spread without being covered with soil for reasons of labor saving. 

The use of fertilizers with high doses and spread, will result in wastage of fertilizer or fertilizer is not efficient because more is lost, especially N evaporates or is washed away with water when it rains. Corn is a plant that is very responsive to N fertilization, so N deficiency is the second factor that can cause yield failure in maize (Lafitte, 2000). This is because N is needed as a building block for enzymes and proteins in plants, so N deficiency will quickly suppress the development of leaves and seeds (Lafitte, 1996). To increase the efficiency of fertilizer use, fertilizer application must take into account the plant's need for nutrients and the level of soil fertility. 

Regarding the need for nutrients for maize plants, Lafitte (2000) reported that to produce 4 t ha-1 of corn, 100 kg N, 18 kg P and 68 kg K are needed. Meanwhile, Witt et al., 2006 said that in addition to taking into account this paper, aims to present the value of the efficiency of the use of N, P and K fertilizers on corn plants based on the results of research for three growing seasons (Rain season = MH) in 2004/20052006/2007 in Lampung.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To determine the efficiency of the use of N, P and K fertilizers on maize, the omission plot experiment at the farmer level was carried out for three rainy seasons for three years starting from MH 2004/2005-MH 2006/2007 in five locations, namely in Sidowaras village, Bumiratu sub-district. Nuban, Binjai Ngagung village, Bekri sub-district, Watu Agung and Balai Rejo villages, Kalirejo sub-districts, Central Lampung and Trimulyo villages, Tegineneng sub-districts, South Lampung with soil types Kandiudult in Sidowaras, Binjai Ngagung and Trimulyo, and Kanhapludult in Watu Agung and Balai Rejo.

At each location (farmers) an omission plot experiment was carried out where five locations (farmers) were placed as replicates. the needs of plants and the level of soil fertility, fertilizer application must also consider the target yield to be achieved, because the difference between the target yield and the yield achieved without fertilizer application reflects the real need for corn plants for nutrients. Thus the efficiency of the use of fertilizers can be known. The efficiency of fertilizer use is the amount of dry shelled yield achieved for each unit of fertilizer applied. 

The treatments consisted of no nitrogen (-N = PK), no phosphorus (-P = NK)), without potassium (K = NP)), and NPK, then each omission plot treatment was paralleled with the same treatment plot but there were additional treatments in the form of lime application. The liming treatment was carried out on the basis of consideration of the soil pH at the study site ranging from 4.8 to 5.4. 

In the liming treatment plot, lime in the form of dolomite was given as much as 1.1 t ha-1 one month before planting corn. Thus, the complete treatment plots were PK, PK+lime, NK, NK+lime, NP, NP+lime, NPK, NPK+lime. 

The plots and treatments were 6 m x 6 m in size. The dose of fertilizer for each treatment plot presented in Table 1 was valid for three years of the experiment.

as a source of nitrogen (N) is urea fertilizer. N fertilizer was given 30% immediately after the plants grew, ie 7 days after planting (DAP), 40% in the vegetative phase (V6), and 30% in the V10 phase. as a source of phosphorus (P) is SP-36 fertilizer. P fertilizer was given entirely at the same time as the first N fertilization (7 days after planting). 

Meanwhile, as a source of potassium (K) fertilizer is KCl fertilizer. KCl fertilizer was given once, namely at the same time as the first stage of N fertilizer (7 days after planting). Fertilizer is given by placing it as deep as ± 5 cm beside the plants along the rows of plants. Plant management is carried out based on recommendations and the best available technology at each location by following the integrated plant concept. 

Management The varieties planted are Pioneer-21 in Sidowaras and Binjai Ngagung, Bisi-2 in Watu Agung, Balai Rejo and Trimulyo. 

The components observed at harvest were the number of plants per harvest area (3 meters long x four rows of plants in each plot), the number of cobs per harvest area, the weight of the harvested cobs per harvest area, the weight of six sub-sample cobs, the weight of fresh shelled seeds of six cobs, harvest moisture content was measured from shelled six cobs, and oven-dry weight of 100 seeds taken from six sample cobs. these observations. The components are used to calculate and obtain dry shelled ha-1 results.

The dry shelled data were analyzed for variance and continued with Duncan's multiple distance test to compare the differences between treatments. Furthermore, the dry shelled data is used to calculate fertilizer called nutrient use efficiency (NUE) efficiency with the formula

 NUEX = (YNPK-YX0)/FX (Doberman and Witt, 2004), where: 

NUEX = Fertilizer use efficiency X (N, P or K)

YNPK = Yield of NPK treatment 

YX0 FX = Result of omission plots (without fertilizer X = 0N, 0P or 0K) = dose of fertilizer X (dose of fertilizer N, P or K) 

The Effect of Omisi Plots on Dry Shell Results Statistical analysis results showed that ha-1 dry shelled yields were significantly different between NPK treatments and omission plots.

(Table 2). Without the application of N (PK), or PK + lime significantly reduced the dry shell yield in all growing seasons/year. 

In the treatment without P (NK) and NK+lime fertilizers in the first year it was not significantly different from the NPK treatment, but in the second year the NK and NK+lime treatments were significantly lower than the NPK and NPK+lime treatments, while in the third year, the NK treatment not significantly different from the NPK treatment. Without fertilizer K (NP) gives lower yields and is significantly different from NPK and NPK+lime treatment, but in NP+lime treatment only NPK. 

The three treatments were significantly different. If you look at the difference between the treatment without lime and the one with lime, there is an indication that liming improves the level of nutrient absorption by plants which causes an increase in yield. Of all the omission plot treatments, without N (PK) the yield decreased the most compared to without P (NK) and K (NP) fertilizers. The size of the difference in the results achieved between the NPK treatment and the omission plots also determines the efficiency of fertilizer use. 

Efficiency of fertilizer use is the increase in yield of complete fertilization (NPK) versus no fertilizer application (omission plot) per unit of fertilizer added.

Efficiency of Fertilizer Use Efficiency of fertilizer use (Nutrient use efficiencies) is the increase in yield per unit of fertilizer applied. To calculate the efficiency of fertilizer use, the production data (dry shelled yield) is used in Table 2. 

Using the formula NUEX = (YNPK-YX0)/FX then the efficiency of using N, P and K fertilizers is obtained as shown in Table 3.

The data in Table 3 shows that the efficiency of using fertilizers without lime or lime is N ranging from 11–21, P 14–57, and K 4-24 kg kg-1. The efficiency of using fertilizer is higher in the treatment that is not limed with efficiency

N ranges from 13-21 kg kg-1 (mean 18 k kg-1), P from 19-57 kg kg-1 (average 43 kg kg1), K from 16-24 kg kg-1 (average 19 kg kg-1) compared to limed with efficiency N ranged from 11-18 kg kg-1, an average of 14 kg kg1, P from 14-37 kg kg-1 (mean 28 kg kg-1) and K from 4-11 kg kg-1 (mean average 8 kg kg-1),

although higher dry flakes were produced by liming treatment (Table 2). This means that fertilization in the limed treatment is inefficient due to the high use of fertilizers but is not followed by a high yield increase. The low efficiency of fertilizers in liming is due to the increase in yield in the treatment of higher omission plots than the increase in lime.

the same NPK yield. Thus, when liming is done, the dose of fertilizer needs to be reduced. If the average efficiency of fertilizer use is calculated (without lime+lime), then the efficiency of fertilizer use starting from the highest is P = 35 kg kg-1, N = 16 kg kg-1, and K = 13 kg kg-1. The lower efficiency of N may be due to N being easily lost (evaporating and leaching), while K may be due to being given only once, at the time of planting, so that a lot of it is lost to leaching. while P fertilizer in the form of SP36 dissolves more slowly.

CONCLUSION

From the results of the research on omission plots, it was concluded that without application of N fertilizer, the yield of dry shelled corn plants decreased significantly compared to without application of K and P fertilizers. 

Efficiency of using fertilizer N = 18 ± 4, P = 43 ± 20 and K = 19 ± 4 kg dry shelled kg-fertilizer, if liming is not done, while when lime is given. the efficiency of using fertilizer was lower, respectively N+lime = 14 ± 4, P+lime = 28 ± 11, K+lime = 8 ± 4 kg dry flakes kg-1 fertilizer. 

Liming with the same dose is considered to reduce fertilizer when liming is done.

keywords : Efisiensi penggunaan pupuk,Zea mays,posfor,nitrogen,kalium,

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